Index page for: Nitrates and Nitrites in Food and Water

Table of Contents Introduction Contributors Methods for the Analysis of Nitrate & Nitrite in Food & Water (R. C. Massey) roduction General Analytical Considerations: Random Bias, Systematic BiasPositive Interference, Negative Interference, Analytical Quality Assurance Sample Pre-Treatment: Experimental Design & Sampling, Storage, Extraction Analytical Methods: Colorimetry, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Gas Chromotography, Other Methods Conclusions ReferencesNitrate in Water (D. Oakes) Introduction Legislation on Nitrate in Water Nitrate Concentrations in Water: Groundwater, Surface Water-Rivers, Surface Water-Reservoirs, Conclusions Nitrate Models: Groundwater Models, River Models, Reservoir Models Nitrate Control: Blending, Storage, Source Modification or Replacement, Nitrate Removal by Treatment, Reduction of Nitrate Leaching ReferencesOrigins of Nitrate in Water (M. J. Hill) Introduction Nitrate from Atmospheric Sources Bacterial Production of Nitrate in Soil: The Nitrogen Cycle in Soil, Nitrogen Fixation by Bacteria, Nitrate from Soil Organic Nitrogen-Deamination of Soil Nitrogen Compounds, Oxidation of Ammonium to Nitrate Ions, Oxidation of Nitrite to Nitrate, Nitrate from Plant Sources, Nitrate from Animal Excreta & Sewage Nitrate from Fertilizer Nitrate Leaching from Soil Quantitative Aspects ReferencesOrigin & Significance of Nitrite in Water Introduction The Origin of Nitrite in Water The Significance of Nitrite in Water Conclusions ReferencesNitrate & Nitrite in Foods (C. L. Walters) The Nitrogen Cycle The Stabilities of Nitrate & Nitrite in Foods Conversion of Nitrate to Nitrite in Foods Nitrate & Nitrite of Foods: Nitrate & Nitrite in Vegetables, Effects of Storage on Nitrate & Nitrite in Vegetables, Ascorbate in Vegetables, Nitrate & Nitrite in Fruit, Nitrate & Nitrite in Meat, Nitrate & Nitrite in Milk & Milk Products, Nitrate & Nitrite of Cereals & Breads Human Exposure to Nitrate & Nitrite from Food ReferencesNitrite & Nitrate as Food Additives: Rationale & Mode of Action (T. A. Roberts & R. H. Dainty) Background Curing of Meats & Meat Products: Antimicrobial Aspects of Curing, Role of Nitrite in Curing of Meats, Regulations on Nitrate & Nitrite Usage in Curing, Monitoring of Nitrate & Nitrite Levels, Residual Nitrite & Microbiological Safety Mechanism(s) of Microbial Inhibition by Nitrite: Action on Aerobes, Action on Anaerobes ReferencesHuman Exposure, Pharmacology & Metabolism of Nitrate & Nitrite(P. J. Packer & S. A. Leach) Introduction Dietary Exposure to Nitrate & Nitrite Nitrate & Nitrite Exposure from Endogenous Mammalian Biosynthesis Nitrate-Its Metabolism & Transport in Body Fluids: The Fate of Nitrate in the Oral Cavity & Its Recirculation in Saliva, Fate of Nitrate in the Stomach, The Fate of Nitrate in the Intestinal Tract, The Excretion of Nitrate in Urine, Sources & Modulation of Endogenous Nitrate Biosynthesis N-Nitrosation Reactions & the Fate of Nitrite in the Body Conclusions ReferencesNitrates & Nitrites from Food & Water in Relation to Human Disease (M. J. Hill) Introduction Acute Effects: Acute Toxicity of Nitrite, Acute Toxicity of Nitrate Chronic Effects Infant Methaemoglobinaemia: Clinical Aspects & Diagnosis, Early Evidence of a Role for Nitrate, Proposed Mechanism, The Current Position, Conclusions Nitrate & Gastric Cancer: N-Nitroso Compounds, Production of N-Nitroso Compounds in Vivo, Epidemiology of Nitrate Exposure & Human Cancer, Etiology of Gastric Cancer Risk Assessment of Gastric Cancer in Relationship to Nitrate Intake Nitrate & Non-Gastric Cancers: Locally Acting N-Nitroso Compounds-Cancer of the Urinary Bladder & Bladder Infections, Cancer of the Colon, Cancer of the Cervix, N-Nitroso Compounds Acting at Distant Sites-Nitrate & Congenital Abnormalities References